Managing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Overseeing Project - Essay Example This paper incorporates the investigation of two cases utilizing the Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) or organize graph. On the off chance that 1, organize graph was indicated utilizing the movement hub. Figuring of Earliest beginning time (EST) and Latest beginning time (LST) was done to have the option to show the Slack or all out buoy of the action. Basic way was utilized to have the option to finish the given errand without spending imperative. The examination will have the option to show the significance of the said procedure in dealing with a task. Cost estimation was introduced utilizing standards and other hypothesis. Outline and different tables were introduced in the appendixes. At the later piece of this paper the troubles and dangers in venture the board were talk about to additionally build up the required undertaking. The motivation behind this examination is to have the option to show the significance of venture overseeing in an organization that should be created and overseen well. It likewise permits us understudy to have the option to exhibit the learning and ability in regard of the executives of assets for the most part yet specifically components of time, money and HR. In the event that 1 The Design and Print constrained is a printing SME in the UK providing plan and printing administrations. The undertaking supervisor is making arrangements for another task. To begin a system outline utilizing the action on the hub was structure. We will have the option to develop the graph utilizing the table underneath: In the system graph appeared in index 2, each... 1 L N Bundling for Delivery 2 M O Conveyance 5 E,N P Installment assortments 10 O Supplement 2 F(5) A(1) B(2) C (2) D(1) H(1) L(3) M (1) N(2) E(10) G (4) I (2) J(2) K(2) P(10) In the system chart appeared in addendum 2, every hub (circle) speaks to a movement and is marked with the action number and the related culmination time (appeared in sections after the action number). The system graph (reference section 1) accept that exercises not connected by priority connections can occur at the same time. For instance action L is gone before by H,K in this way we can do L after H or K. (see graph). It implies that Printing should be possible subsequent to estimating or type-setting. In the above chart the movement start at Enquiries (A) , went before by Quotation (B) you can't continue to B without completing the primary assignment (A). Fund keeps an eye on client (E) and Order affirmation (C) should be possible all the while since it isn't connected by priority relationship. After assignment (C) is finished 3 exercises or undertaking should be possible simultaneously since these three are totally gone before by C, Purchasing (F), Scheduling (D) and Design (G). The errand proceeds up to the last undertaking the P. To have the option to decide the complete buoy, we should need to ascertain for the soonest start time and most recent beginning time. This permits booking of the work in such a way, that venture length is limited. A few exercises can be actualized at the same time, and a few exercises can be deferred while endeavors are focused on finishing different exercises which force a period

Financial Statement summary of your analysis Essay

Fiscal report outline of your investigation - Essay Example These proportions uncover the primary concern of the organization and the profits it offers to its financial specialists (Kieso et al. 2011). Productivity proportions show the general effectiveness and execution of the organization. Net benefit proportions expanded from 9.48% in 2012 to 9.76% in 2013 showing an expansion in productivity. It diminished from 9.76% in 2013 to 9369% in 2014 demonstrating a decrease in execution of the organization. By and large, the company’s execution and efficiency,â its activities have changed all through the period. Contrasted with the business, Nike is less beneficial on the grounds that its proportions are lower than those of the contenders. This class of proportions shows how well an organization is dealing with its liabilities. They additionally show how successfully an organization is utilizing its resources for create incomes (Wahlen et al. 2010). The days deals remarkable diminished from 49days in 2012 to 44.9 days in 2012. This suggests Nike is beneficial to change over its deals into money rapidly. In 2014, it expanded to 45.1days from 44.9 days in 2013, inferring a decrease in gainfulness because of moderate change of deals into money. Stock turnover expanded to 7.72 in 2013 from 7.24 in 2012 importance it utilized less inventories to create more income. In 2014, it utilized more inventories to produce less income since stock turnover decreased from 7.27 in 2013 to 7.04. All out resource turnover diminished in 2013 to 1.44 from 1.50 in 2012 and expanded to 1.49 in 2014 from 1.44 in 2013. Nike is more effective in its tasks than the business normal; it utilizes less resources and inventories to create more incomes not at all like different firms in the business. It likewise gathers its receivable more rapidly than the contenders (Kapil, 2011). Obligation proportions decide the drawn out dissolvability of the organization (Warren and Reeve, 2009).â The obligation to value proportion expanded from 0.48 in 2012 to 0.58 in

February(ish) Updates and Notes

February(ish) Updates and Notes Hello, everyone! It’s been a while since I last posted. Here are two photos that accurately summarize my current state of existence: The photos are in this order because we are student-athletes, not athlete-students. The top photo is a week in the life of Junior spring. I’m currently in 5-ish classes (3 12-unit classes, a 9-unit, and a 6-unit). I think it’s starting to settle down a bit now, but the initial jump from IAP to “SURPRISE you have classes and psets and labs and tests again” was a rough transition this year. Plus some of my classes are “frontloading”, which apparently means that they can give you five assignments a week as long as they promise it will become easier later (looking at you, 2.671). At times, it feels like a never-ending stream of due dates and internal (sometimes external) screaming. Overall though, I’m super happy with my schedule! Here’s each class with a summary, in haiku form: 2.671: Measurement and Instrumentation Much more than rulers MechE’s must measure all things And make pretty graphs 2.006: Thermo and Fluid Dynamics II Heat, flow, and pressure Are all important for us When we build cool things. 17.395: Innovation Systems How can the U. S. Help innovation in tech.? Let’s talk about it. 6.0001: Introduction to Python Six triple O fun Is brainwashing you to join The cult of Course 6 2.065: Acoustics and Sensing Waves waves waves waves waves Plane waves, resonance, wavelength, waves Wave waves waves waves waves Wow, that was a ride. If you’re still reading this, you’re a true fan. 3 Now on to the athlete part. This past week has featured some pretty amazing basketball. We entered the postseason conference tournament seeded #5 (out of 7), and played games on Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday. In the end, we exited with the first women’s basketball conference title in MIT history! This is what it felt like:   As I write this, I’m riding a bus to Rochester, NY for the first round of the NCAA tournament. If you’re near Rochester (unlikely, but had to throw that out there), or want to tune in to the livestream, we play at 5pm tomorrow. Rolllllllllllllllll Tech! Post Tagged #2.006 Thermo and Fluid Dynamics II #2.065 Acoustics and Sensing #2.671 Measurement and Instrumentation #6.0001 #NCAA #photography

Do Animals Have Rights - 900 Words

Do Animals Have Rights? Animals have rights, or at least they should. Animals are not for us to eat, experiments on, wear or abuse in any which way. It is cruel to treat animals like they are not living souls. Animals are not tools that we can use however we want. They too have hearts and brains like us humans. Therefore, animals have all the rights to live their own lives without suffering and free from exploitation (Why). Animal testing is performed for the making of human products. Even after hearing about the millions of cases involving animal abuse, most animal abusing cases don’t even get reported (Animal). Over a hundred million animals are burned, skinned, beat, poisoned or abused in testing labs around the US. Dogs are the most abused and experimented on animals. The pit bull species is on the rise. In 2001 pit bulls made up thirteen percent of the dog abuse cases. In 2007 pit bulls became twenty five percent of the endangered dog species. Animals that are tortured for fur come from fur farms where they are kept in cramped cages and are killed around six months old. People place the animals in freezing temperatures so they would generate a thicker coat that can be used for the making of fur products. Even if the animals die while the process, their coats can still be used afterwards. Therefore, they show no mercy on how cold the temperature is in which the animals are placed in. In china , the number one fur producer, animals are skinned alive for their fur coats.Show MoreRelatedShould Animals Do Not Have Rights?1005 Words   |  5 PagesHumans have always had a relationship with animals. Animals have always been and continues to be a source for food, work, clothing, experiments, and much more. To that, we owe them a great deal of gratitude. There has been much and ongoing debate over whether these practices are morally justified or not. Do non-human animals actually have rights? In this paper, I will argue that animals do not have rights. I will defend my claim by including arguments made by Carl Cohen and I will include possibleRead More Do Animals Have Rights Essay3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there mustRead MoreDo Animals Have Rights...a Philosophical View4001 Words   |  17 PagesDo Animals Have Rights? Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question has been around for at least the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal experiments emerged as an important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of experimental physiology and neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines that existed even back then which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules protected the animalsRead MoreDo Animals Have Rights. Animals Are Used To Test The Products3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there must first beRead MoreDo Animals Have A Say?: Comparative Analysis of Animal Rights, Human Wrongs and Proud to be Speciecist1188 Words   |  5 Pagesof animal testing for human advantages has always been a debatable topic. It is still undecided whether the use of animals for human benefits is morally right. On the other hand it is scientists and researchers who think that animals are good testing subjects because of various reasons such as preventing harmful products or finding cures to diseases. The two essays â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to be Speciesist† by Stephen Rose talk about the concerns of animal rights butRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1627 Words   |  7 Pages Animal rights is a very controversial topic in today’s world. This controversy began back in 1975 when Peter Singer’s novel Animal Liberation was published. In the book, Singer explains the issues we still face at the top of animal protectionism today. Although Singer and his theories enlightened a lot of people of animal protectionism, he actually did not start the animal rights debate. People started questioning the status of animals all the way back to ancient Greece. Some people in these timesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal And Animal Rights990 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of good and bad, right and wrong, moral principles or value held by a person or society, promoting human welfare, maximizing freedom minimizing pain and suffering is called ethics. The discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings and also the value and moral status of the environment and its non-human contents is called environmental ethics. It considers the ethical relationshi p between the humans and the environment. Animal and animal rights are the highlighted topic inRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Rights Non-human animals are given rights only because of their interactions with human beings. Without involvement with humans, animals do not deserve rights. It is through this interaction with humans that animals are even given moral consideration. We do not give rights to a rock simply because it is a creation of Mother Nature, similarly non-human animals do not have rights unless it is in regards to humans. As pointed out by Jan Narveson morality is a sort of agreement amongRead MoreAnimal Rights Vs. Legal Fiction1388 Words   |  6 Pages People have always fought for rights. This is proven by history. The United State’s fight for rights, the women’s fight for rights, and the African American’s fight for rights shows us that in the end everybody has the ability to gain rights. But what about those who can not speak for themselves? What of the animals? Many people were once thought of as property, as animals are today. This should be changed, as it has been ma ny times over history. Animals should have certain rights. The main argumentRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Should Not Be A Big Deal1415 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Cruelty Almesha Jones (Mesha) Introduction and Background All around the world, people are abusing animals. Animal cruelty is a big deal because some people do not look at animals as being important; some people do not see a problem with hurting them. Animal cruelty can be define as being a malicious treatment that can cause undue pain or being mistreated. Seeing an animal get brutalize by some humans seems to be cruel. Getting kicked in the ribs, left for starvation and even used for entertainment

The Bilderberg Group Conspiracy Theory - 1548 Words

1- The Bilderberg Group Conspiracy Theory, S1 Ep 5. In this episode of Conspiracy Theory, Jesse Ventura diverges down the path of investigating the secret society known as the Bilderberg Group. This group controls the money, the food, and the medicine of the world and this episode looks into what their most deadly conspiracy might be. This group consists of 120 people who ultimately control the world; they consist of the head of the World Bank, New York Times, Time Magazine, Royals, heads of Parliament, among many others. â€Å"Wealth is only as useful as the power you actually wield with it† and he believes that the group sent, the date for the invasion of Iraq, set oil prices, and caused the economic crash ultimately showing that they run the world (Estulin). The Bilderberg group wants to decrease the population by 80% because they believe that they cannot control the current population (Jones). This is because the elitists want to only have their bloodlines be able to continue on and reproduce and populate and run the world. After Ventura’s research team goes out and investigates they believe that Bilderberg is poisoning the world’s food supply and poisoning the worlds medicine with the intent to reduce the worlds population and by ultimately becoming mass murders. Icke believes that Bilderberg will do this by targeting the human’s immune system, because all the additives that are put into food and drinks already target it. One example of this is aspartame in food that breaksShow MoreRelatedNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pages------------------------------------------------- New World Order (conspiracy theory) This article is about the use of the term  New World Order  in conspiracy theory. For other uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginningRead MoreThe Transnational Capitalist Class3371 Words   |  14 Pagesemergence of several academic approaches that question the merits and consequences of globalization. This paper will discuss the two basic principles of the theory of the transnational capitalist class (TCC). Three examples of this theory will be provided that were portrayed throughout the film. I will also provide my opinion about the accuracy on this theory. Though the film portrayed a corporation as a psychopath, the message came loud and clear: global corporations must reexamine their corporate practices

Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2 Free Essays

string(107) " founded with the broad approaches that may even equate the person perception’s in terms of credibility\." This article is about Gwendolyn who was the singer-songwriter and the Goodtime Gang happened to be her band. Gwendolyn’s appeal is over age seven (7) wherein her typical performance may include the coverage of standards in preschool such as the â€Å"Bingo and The Itsy Spider†. She has also some original compositions tackling the topics of human anatomy with the emphasis of sharing. We will write a custom essay sample on Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gwendolyn was twenty-eight years old and said to be performing the Raggedy Ann dress, known to be the pigtails that are cartoonist and the socks are knee-high. She performed in one of the nightclubs of Los Angeles that even performs for such crowd of fans wherein the idea is indeed stiff drinking extending beyond the undiluted. Many of the audience are sitting crossed-legged on the floor wherein the cocktails may even perch of the knees considerably bobbing. Gwendolyn has no children of her own but most of her songs are definitely for children as inspired by a four (4) year old kid inside me that performed the music of children for the grown-ups audience that is absolutely more than the lark of hipster which was then absolutely liberating.   The inner children are having the fun all over and whether the mere fact of buying cars as the consumers’ market at their half age, the baby-doll fashions of dressing may be the bonding over the games of Twister and at the same time kickball with the new breed of the quasi adult who is the culture’s co-opting with the children as never been before. Mostly have their busy lives with the responsibilities among adult with the jobs as indeed respectful and the children of their own. They are not absolutely been regard as stunted adolescents wherein the are said to be something thus, the grown-ups may event cultivate the tastes in the products as well as Call’s entertainment with rejuveniles. Synthesis: In terms of Ethos of the Article, the speaker is very convincing in terms of the presence of widespread evidence. As stated by Nielsen Media, the research made proven that the more adults at age eighteen (18) to forty-nine years old may even watch the Network pertaining to Cartoon than watching CNN. There are more than thirty-five million people that were able to catch up with the long-lost pals of school on the Web site Classmates.com. The signing on this web site has its proof of making sixteen again and the so-called â€Å"60 Minutes II† corresponds to this as indeed reported. The fuzzy pajamas which were attached to the feet may come in the sizes of adult at its Target that is along with the underpants of Scooby Doo. As studied the video game of average age is now twenty-nine (29) that is up from only eighteen in the year 1990, in accordance with the entertainment Software Association. Another attraction is the cartoon Hello Kitty facing the toasters’ graces wherein the Sea Monkeys may come in the set of executive. Avenue Q is called the stars of the puppets classified as the puppets of googly-eyed that even grapple with the disappointment in career and mixed such credit cards with relationships failure. The part of pleasure in show that is beside the puppet sex is the real attachments’ rediscovery with the creatures like those of children as discussed by Jeff Whitty who happened t be the librettist. This may awaken the kid in us. There was no single word emerging with the phenomenon’s description but some of the few phrases in lexicon marketing may even describe some of the important aspects. Another thing is the advertisement in San Francisco   with the firm Odiorne Wilde Narraway and Partners may call with the retro brands resurgence who were among eighteen (18) to at least thirty-four (34) years olds. There are also article logos as used in order to attract more audience and Peter pandemonium as made by the Toymakers may now take the aim at kidult which was defined by the company of Italian named Kidult Games wherein most adults may take care the kid inside. The researchers at the Foundation of MacArthur study the adultolescents with the said twenty (20) to thirty (30) something’s living at home and still depended on the financial support of most parents including the emotions. Some of the marketers may court the direct rejuvenates like for instance, the mother and daughter’s friendship wherein this may ask the revived line of advertisement for such revived line of the dolls by Strawberry Shortcake while the others may speak with the soul of rejuvenate by means of simple selling to many kids. The element of Honda including the Tonka like is indeed the introduction of such mini-truck by the company in terms of dorm room’s combination with the camp’s base designated for the buyers who are younger active and was able to market at the extreme sports as well as the surfing events. The average age in terms of the Element drivers, Mr. Boyd speak about the average age of the drivers’ element with anticipation that with regards to the new definition in terms of family buyer, someone does not even want to give up the so-called character of an individual though they are indeed getting older. There is no new things discovered with regards to the reveling adults in the culture of kiddies wherein Shirley Temple, Ronald Dahl including Pee Wee Herman had plenty of fans among the adult and the researchers in market may even say that the childishness strong way may start about two years ago. The source of credibility may be used as the construction as examined in terms of social sciences wherein the recent work may found the existence of support with regards to the three dimensions as identified with work from the year 1950s through the 180s with consistent revelation in terms of two dimensions, the competence and the character including the other dimensions like for instance dynamism as founded with the broad approaches that may even equate the person perception’s in terms of credibility. You read "Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2" in category "Essay examples" Going back to Mr. Furendi may start the research may call as the cultivation of self-conscious in terms of immaturity that is after the college spotting for most students who are watching with Teletubbies in the bar of most university. The scene that may stick in mind may be able to think with the wave’s representative with infantilism that sweeps with Britain and beyond. The happening is in terms of maintenance with Mr. Furendi as the natural extreme responding to the culture of media equating to be older with being square and at the same time younger and yet being relevant. Nowadays, the way of demonstrating the worth is up to the extent in which there still rock concerts considerably groovy with the still player. But many of those who was able to fit with the best profile was able to grow up with the wearing of Sesame Street T-shirts or the skin knees of arthritic and at the same time the motor scooters insisting with the obstinate Peter Pans or the connoisseurs of the so-called kitsch. With regards to many descriptions there is such near frantic compulsion remaining to be playful, at the same time flexible and fun in the said face of realities like the mortgages that is considerably of fixed-rate or the lawn care. Like for instance, Mitch Anthony, the president of brand as well as the design firm in the Northampton, mass is indeed full-fledged adult wherein the children may be closer in full in terms of suits and the fence considerably picket costing $ 10,000. The said approach upon reaching 50th birthday, there is no absolute reason giving up most of the doing as love for the kid that still biking. The love for hanging with friends and with pleasure of talking about sex is the common things done by younger generations. Rejuvenates may absolutely reserve with the deepest respect for most adults in terms of management in terms of both taking care with the business and making time for the said playing. Response Bryan Page, the known professor of anthropology including the department’s chairman at Miami University may play the history regarding the recreation or children’s preparation moving into the roles of adult. The totality of dynamic was the reversal of such play becoming the primary purpose and at the same time value with many lives of adult. This is about the bordering of the sacred wherein the historical standpoint may be having its entire backward. Most rejuvenates may even reject the enthusiasms’ notion who are being childish in the first place like for instance the appreciation on Chipmunks in terms of recording is indeed funny during the period as discussed by Jacob Austen who is thirty-four (34) years old, known to be the writer of Chicago and the music authority by Alvin as well as the Chipmunks as part of the genre among the fans of music children with the affection called the rodent rock. Mr. Austen was able to produce the dance program among the children in Chicago with the address in public-access in terms of television saying that one of the best entertainments among the kids is indeed universal. Ironically, most kids as experienced in the actual may not even be caring lesser about the stuff which may enchant the rejuvenates and the taking of the Music Project in the Schools of Langley that is â€Å"Innocence and Despair†, with the Canadian CD the children of school with the praised by likes of David Bowie and John Zorn calling with nothing that is absolutely lesser than the music touching with the heart in such a way that there is no other music which has ever had. The focus may be the conceptions of transition to the adulthood which is absolutely different among the adults of young-to-midlife as compared with the groups of younger age. In all the groups’ age, the criteria of individualism may be most likely considered to be the important makers in terms of adulthood transition, with such specific acceptance for the actions that may even decide with the beliefs and values that may even establish in equal relationships among the parents and becoming to be in financial independency. The younger to the adults of midlife may be less likely in terms of adolescents is considering with transitions of adulthood with specific acceptance in terms of responsibility regarding one’s actions, in order to decide the beliefs and the values that establish the relationship as equal among the parents and may become as the financial independent. The adults of young-to-midlife were said to be less likely compared to adolescents considering the biological transitions and at the same time important and at the same time more likely to be emerged as part of the transition with adulthood. In all the three Groupings , the role of the said transitions such as marriage may even rank with the importance that is considerably lowest. Conclusion: The sign of being adulthood is to get married that signifies the adulthood’s attainment in terms of American society. This is considered as one of the important than the others with equal importance and perhaps none of tem with entire differently criteria’s that are absolutely different. The dependency on every perspective is to anticipate the adulthood’s transition or in the said process in order to look at the perspective of midlife. In the present study, the transition’s conceptions for adulthood may even examine the majority of American culture considered as the role of transitions in many areas like the marriage and to become a parent, the capacities of parent such as the capacity in order to give care for children and the compliance known to be normative such as the drunk driving to avoid the individuals in order to decide with own beliefs and at the same time values that includes the transitions with legal and biological aspect. The focus of this study is mainly on adulthood conception in the majority culture of most American wherein the large white and the middle class may be broad in terms of the American society setting the mostly of the norms including the standards holding the political positions including the economics and the power of intellect. This is in recognition with the American society and may even include such other cultures as being perspectives with different presentations wherein the criteria of adulthood may be used in the present study for drawing the anthropological, study in sociology including the psychological transition of adulthood learned from the previous studies made. References http://www.christophernoxon.com/index.php/cnsite/clip/i_dont_want_to_grow_up/ Rejuvenile: Kickball, Cartoons, Cupcakes and the Reinvention of the American Grown-Up, Chirstopher Noxon http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-noxon    How to cite Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2, Essay examples

Contemporary Business Strategies

Question 1: A) Analyse the effectiveness of a range of strategies which an organisa2tion could use to improve engagement with its employees. B) Using an organisation of your knowledge, comment on how the company has implemented employee engagement techniques. Answer 1: A) Employees are one of the most important assets of an organisation and it is essential that the HR manager should look at ensuring sufficient level of employee engagement so that their maximum overall utilisation can be achieved. There are a range of strategies that could be employed by the managers in performing the employee engagement. An analysis of the existing literature indicates that the favourable employee engagement strategies that could be employed by HR managers include investment in training and development, respecting the needs of employees with respect to work life balance, creating favourable working conditions, creating an environment of diversity and inclusion and HR managers could also foster rewards and recognition programs in ensuring that sufficient level of employee engagement is being promoted within organisation. These techniques could be utilised for the purpose of achieving improved employee engagement within organisation (Dickson, 2010). With respect to the effectiveness of these strategies are concerned, they are highly effective in facilitating higher level of engagement of employees. As for instance, the strategy of training and development is crucial in enhancing the skills and abilities of employees which in turn would encourage them to contribute their higher level of efforts in achieving organisational goals. Similarly, the strategies of favourable work conditions and work life balance including the inclusion and diversion strategies are crucial from the point of view of achieving higher level of satisfaction within the organisational employees, and they could therefore be persuaded in a highly efficient manner towards accomplishing the organisational goals positively. These strategies in the form of creating positive working environment acts as a motivating factor to employees because it creates a sense of feeling within them that they are highly valued within organisation, and as a result, they focuses towar ds achieving organisational goals by creating values through their efforts and initiatives (Bridger, 2014). B) An organisation that has utilised employee engagement in a highly efficient manner as selected is Arcadia Group. An analysis of Arcadia Group indicates that it is a UK based fashion retailing company, and the company has also deployed a range of strategies aimed at achieving enhancement with regard to engaging its employees in contributing efficiently towards accomplishing organisational goals. As for instance, employee engagement is achieved in terms of strategies adopted by the company such as employee volunteering and the training and development. There are employee volunteering events that are being conducted across the Wallis brand of Arcadia Group, and such strategy has been highly efficient to the company in engaging its employees towards serving its customers. Apart from this employee volunteering, there has also been the application of training and development strategy that has also been carried out by the organisation with a view to enhance the abilities of its employees to perform and this has therefore been a crucial factor aimed at accomplishing organisational goals in a positive manner. The training provision by the company is mainly for all its employees and this is an important way in which employee engagement is being ensured at Arcadia (Arcadia Employee Engagement, 2015). Question 2: A) Explain each element of five porter's five forces analysis. B) Apply each element of porters five forces analysis to an organisation of your choice. Answer 2: A) Porter five forces is an important tool in assessing the industry effectiveness as it analyses different important aspects related to the industry performance so that its impact over organisations performance can be better assessed. There are five important elements included within it such as bargaining power of buyers which explains about the bargaining power as hold by the buyers in the industry. The bargaining power of suppliers reflects about the power as held by suppliers in the industry in influencing price and other such factors. Rivalry among the existing firms is also an important indicator and it mainly explains the level of competition within the existing firms in the industry. Threat of substitute explains the existence of similar products that can be consumed in lieu of the core products as offered by the company, and finally, the threat of new entrant explains the possibility of entering newer players in the industry. B) The application of Porter five forces in respect to Ryanair is performed as follows: Bargaining Power of Buyers: The buyer power in respect to airline industry is significantly higher and this is mainly because of availability of large number airlines providing high quality services across different segments such as premium class customers, low cost airline services etc. In respect to Ryanair, its leading position in the low cost airline services indicates lower bargaining power available to buyers (Shaw, 2012). Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The suppliers bargaining power is also lower because of the higher level of competition being exercised by large number of industry players. Ryanair in particular also faces the threat of competition in the form of competition from low cost airline service providers such as Southwest airline, Jetstar etc (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2009). Rivalry among Existing Firms: The threat of rivalry within the existing firm indicates that it is significantly higher within the airline operators. Ryanair is serving low cost market model and there are a range of low cost service providers competing against each other such as Ryanair, Southwest Airline, British Airways, Jetstar etc (Major Airlines of the World, 2012). Threat of Substitutes: The threat of substitute as faced by airline operator such as Ryanair is lower because travelling via airline is essential to the travellers in reaching their destination in a positive manner. As a result, the threat of substitute to Ryanair is lower as people are required to travel via airline services in ensuring that they reaches their destination on time. Barriers of New Entry: The barriers to new entry is higher especially in respect to airline industry and this is mainly because of the fact that there is a need for huge investment that is required to be made in participating within such airline industry. This creates barriers in the process of successfully participating within the airline industry and thereby the threat to Ryanair in terms of entry of new player is lower. References Arcadia Employee Engagement, (2015) Ahlstrom, D. and Bruton, G.D. (2009), International Management: Strategy and Culture in the Emerging World, Cengage Learning. Bridger, E. (2014), Employee Engagement, Kogan Page Publishers. Dickson, D. (2010), Fostering Employee Engagement: Practical Tools and Best Practice Techniques, Human Resource Development. Major Airlines of the World. (2012). Shaw, S. (2012), Airline marketing and management (epub), Ashgate Publishing, ltd.

Laptop vs. Desktop Essays - Classes Of Computers, Personal Computing

Many Americans have a computer at home; the computer could be a Dell, Mac, Apple, or even Macintosh, but still many Americans have either a laptop or a desktop. In this fast-changing world, sometimes people are faced with difficult choices. For instance, a computer has just been kept until it was three years old, now the person is forced to buy a new computer and the question the person is debating on is, ?Should I buy a laptop or a desktop This question is debated more and more every day. Laptops have their benefits, but also the laptop has drawbacks. Many Americans buy laptops rather than desktops because they are portable, laptop parts are proprietary, and the major cost difference between a laptop and a desktop. What intrigues the eye about the laptop is that of course is that laptops are portable and can be taken anywhere. This huge benefit allows people to take their computer to work, on planes, camping trips, and anywhere else. How easy to take a computer that has everything that you need on it anywhere in the world, but every perk has a drawback. Being that the laptop is so portable then this would allow a thief to simply walk away with your computer. Laptops are stolen at an alarming rate, simply just because they are so easy to steal. When a laptop is stolen you lose the computer, but also the valuable data that was stored to the computer. Laptops parts are proprietary; this meaning that if your laptop breaks, only the company that made the laptop will be able to fix the computer. This does not sound too bad right? Every laptop comes with a warranty, depending on the company most warranties last for a year. When the warranty expires the company will be very happy to charge you an expensive price for the service they will provide. But with desktop computers, you are able to take advantage of your local computer store which will often fix the computer at a much more reasonable price. Another drawback to the laptop craze is the most noticeable difference, the price. When looking for a laptop the buyer could easily spend one thousand dollars, or around that area; but for the price of an average laptop the buyer could purchase a more powerful desktop. The price difference with the laptop and the desk top is that you are paying for the laptops option to be portable and indeed much smaller in size. Depending on the buyer some will spend the extra money on the laptop, but others with simply stick with what they know which is the desktop. Americans are in a fast-changing technological world, and feel that the average American has to have the latest gadget. Many Americans now have a laptop or have debated on getting a laptop. One major group of people who purchase the laptops is college students. Often the first year students purchase laptops because they have the idea they will take their computers to class and also they will be able to do their homework anywhere on campus. The reality of this idea is that no college student takes their computer to class, unless instructed, in fear that the laptop will get stolen. While a noble ambition, no one actually carries through with the plan to carry the laptop around. Laptops should be viewed as a luxury item, for instance you would not purchase a car with 4-wheel drive unless you actually had to use that feature, because it would not justify the extra money you spend on the difference; the same with buying a laptop versus the desktop. Many Americans buy laptops rather than d esktops because they are portable, laptop parts are proprietary, and the major cost difference between a laptop and a desktop.

Research Paper on Franchising †Written for an Introductory Business Class

Research Paper on Franchising – Written for an Introductory Business Class Free Online Research Papers Research Paper on Franchising Written for an Introductory Business Class The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines â€Å"franchise† as a â€Å"privilege or right granted a person or group by a government, state or sovereign, especially suffrage†¦the grant of certain rights and powers to a corporation†¦authorization granted by a manufacturer to a distributor or dealer to sell its products.† One franchise that would be a great investment would be one in United Recovery Specialists Inc. United Recovery Specialists Inc is a repossession company. If you are interested in owning a franchise, there are certain rules and guidelines that you must follow. To be considered a franchisee, you must have a clean record, which means no convicted felonies. Even if you have one, you will not even be considered to own a franchise. One franchise in United Recovery Specialists Inc will cost you roughly between twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars just to use their name. With that, you must be prepared to buy tow trucks that cost between thirty and thirty-five thousand dollars a piece. These tow trucks are an important necessity in order to recover cars. If you are planning on going the cheapest way possible, then you would want to lease land. To have a lot big enough to support many repossessions you will probably be spending seven hundred and fifty to eleven hundred a month. Insurance will also be a very high expense. With an average of seventy-five repossessions a month you will be spending around thirteen hundred and fifty dollars monthly. As far as employees go, you will probably need two adjusters (repo men). If the adjuster owns his or her own truck, then they will receive forty- three percent of gross invoice. Gross invoice will usually range between two hundred and fifty to three hundred and fifty dollars per repossession so the adjuster will receive one hundred and thirty dollars per repossession. If the driver does not own his or her own truck then they will receive twenty-five percent of gross invoice, which will entitle the adjuster to approximately ninety dollars. You also need a lot manager who will be expected to clean and inventory all repossessions. Salary for a lot manager starts at seven dollars an hour and he works fifteen to eighteen hours per week. You also need a secretary, who starts at around eight dollars and hour and works forty hours per week. You also need an office manager who takes care of all filing and calls banks with updates and his salary is approximately six hundred a week to st art. And last but not least you will need a sales manager who contacts the collection department with bank finance companies. The sales manager has a starting salary of seven hundred dollars per week. As far as licenses, you will need an auto dealer privilege license which cost approximately one hundred dollars and a collection or claims services license which cost approximately fifty dollars. If you own a United Recovery Specialists Inc business in North Dakota, then you must be bonded and licensed in North Dakota. The owner of United Recovery Specialists Inc is Jason Tibuke. Mr. Tibuke owns the upstate branches of United Recovery Specialists Inc. Jason is the original founder of the business. George Smith owns the lower area branches of United Recovery Specialists Inc. If you are considering opening or buying a franchise of United Recovery Specialists Inc, not only must you have a clean record and be licensed and bonded in the state of North Dakota, you must also have a reasonable net worth of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This is insurance in case of lawsuits or accidents. There are no royalties required or stated in the contract. However, occasionally accounts are transferred from branch to branch. The length of contract or business agreement is that once you pay the initial twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand (depending on where you are going to locate) that you own the company and that you owe Jason Tibuke or George Smith nothing more after that. Research Papers on Research Paper on Franchising - Written for an Introductory Business ClassThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraOpen Architechture a white paperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital Punishment

The Muses in Greek Mythology and Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Muses in Greek Mythology and Art - Essay Example History of Greek Muses has different in a different author writing over the course of time. But the bottom line or the core idea always remains the same. Muses are associated with various arts and cultural activities, which often helped the people of the ancient time to overcome any kind of mental difficulties or stress. The Muses, as per the views of the earliest writers, was the inspirational goddesses of song, whereas according to a later set of people, theologies ruling over the various kinds of poetry along with other science and cultural activities. They were initially viewed as the sprites of inspirational wells, close to which they were loved. Later on, the Thraco-Boeotian adoration of the nine Muses started to spread out from Boeotia over other parts of Greece, and eventually became normally recognized.The origin of all these 9 Muses is not similar as there is a number of theories associated with the origin of them. Few people or the most common concept associated with the o rigin of all 9 Muses was they were the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and born in Pieria, at the foot of Mount Olympus. There was another set of theory which suggested that they were the daughters of Uranus and Gaea. For a period of 2500 years, people used to believe that all 9 Muses were the base of any kind of cultural activities. Throughout all the Western Civilization, people accepted the fact that all their inspirations, creativity, and incredible talent come from his muse.

Why is there such an abundant use of irony in poe's the cask of Essay

Why is there such an abundant use of irony in poe's the cask of amontillado What thematic purposes does it serve - Essay Example The main character, Fortunato, is portrayed as an important and cultured man. His name can be interpreted as "the man of fortune", but the irony is that he is faced with bad luck to have wronged a man with a deathless memory and a commitment to "not only punish, but punish with impunity" (Poe 848). The irony is that Poe does not tell readers the exact offense he has committed, and can make no evaluation upon whether Montressor's revenge is justifiable. "Revenge is a dish best served cold" (Poe 541).Readers cannot analyze and evaluate Montressor's right for revenge. An abundant use of irony is evident in contrasting characters of Fortunato and Montressor. Poe does not directly state that Fortunato is nave or Montressor is a very cunning man. Readers can guess and predict that these characteristics are probably true. Fortunato's ability to assess and judge situations accurately is questioned at the beginning of the story when he insists upon leaving his family and friends to descend into a damp wine vault in order to answer Montressor's challenge at judging the worth of a cask of wine. Montressor describes: "Putting on a mask of black silk, and drawing a roquelaire closely about my person, I suffered him to hurry me to my palazzo" (Poe 848). His pride is great and he feels he alone is capable of making this evaluation; he pays a terrible price for this arrogance. The uniqueness of the short story is that Poe links two stylistic devices: humor and acute irony which leads to change from what is expected. As the two men proceed along toward Fortunato's ultimate resting place, Montressor's sarcastic remarks and exclamation add ironic details and black humor. He asks Fortunato about his health and long life, reveals his mason trowel when Fortunato mentions that he is a member of the secret Mason society, plays with the Fortunato by telling him that he intends to provide him "all the little attentions in my power" (Poe 852). Also, the irony is that Fortunato is dressed in the suit of a clown to join in the celebration of carnival. This detail gives some hints to readers about true nature and personality of this character. The irony is evident in the setting of the story. During the carnival season, Montresor encounters Fortunato and reports that he has purchased some Amontillado. It was about dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival season, that I encountered my friend. He accosted me with excessive warmth, for he had been drinking much" (Poe 846). Fortunato becomes anxious to sample the wine in question and deliver an opinion as to its merits; so he is easily led into a niche where he is fettered with chains and immured by Montresor, who has both a trowel and some fresh mortar handy. Fortunato, who has been drinking and coughing, quickly becomes sober and begs to be released, but to no avail. An abundant use of irony is evident when Poe unveils life and destiny of Montressor. Through this character, Poe's portrays a fanatical person who has spent the best part of his life first planning and then executing the murder of Fortunato. Fifty years later, Montressor is still thinking about the corpse that has been quietly

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a serious respiratory condition of diffuse alveolar injury seen frequently in intensive care patients. It was first identified in 1967 by Ashbaugh, Bigelow, Petty and Levine as the acute onset of broad respiratory symptoms. This improved the clinical and pathological understanding of the condition. Small changes to therapeutic practice have developed, however despite these developments the morbidity and mortality in patients of all ages with ARDS remains significantly high (Fan, Needham, Stewart, 2005). This topic has been chosen by the author as they have a personal interest in this type of patient after having recently cared for a critically ill ARDS patient in their ICU (Intensive Care Unit). The author has previously been involved in caring for ARDS patients at their place of work and over that period has observed changing practices and treatment. A further knowledge and understanding of this complex patient is their motivation for this topic. A case study relating to a case of ARDS is attached as Appendix 1 and will be referred to throughout this assignment. The pathophysiology of this disease leading up to the presenting signs and symptoms of ARDS will be presented. Current literature and treatment trends will be discussed in conjunction with the medical and nursing practice observed within the ICU workplace. Treatment trends and recommended best practices will be identified and critically analysed. Recommendations will then be presented to encourage best practice within the ICU workplace. First described in 1967 by Ashbaugh and colleagues as Adult Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS patients continue to have a high rate of mortality and morbidity (Fan, Needham, Stewart, 2005). A definition was implemented in 1988 (MORE DETAILS>>>) and then a new simplified definition was recommended in 1994 by the American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) (Harman 2009). It acknowledged that the severity of lung injury varies, and it was a definition that was easy to apply in the clinical setting (Ware Matthay, 2000). The new definition involved changing the name from adult to acute respiratory distress syndrome as it was observed that the syndrome occurs in adults and children. The AECC definition states that the patient must have an acute condition, characterised by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and severe hypoxaemia in the absence of evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Hypoxaemia is calculated as a ratio of PaO2/FiO2. In ARDS the ratio is less than 200. Cardiogen ic pulmonary oedema is excluded either clinically or by pulmonary wedge pressure of less than 18mm Hg in patients with a Swan-Ganz catheter. Despite this official and accepted definition there is still argument over the ability to accurately define ARDS when it is a syndrome and not an illness and because of this the presentation and pathway of the disease varies between patients (Zambon Vincent, 2008). There has also been criticism over the simplicity of the AECC definition as it does not identify the underlying cause, nor does it require other systems affected to be assessed (Ware Matthay, 2000). The major benefit of the universally accepted definition has been the ability for hospitals and investigators to begin the advancement of clinical trials into treatment of this syndrome (Ware Matthay, 2000). In patients diagnosed with ARDS 80% can have the cause related to either direct or indirect injuries. Direct injuries include pneumonia, aspiration, lung contusion, fat embolism, near-drowning, inhalation injury, and reperfusion injury. While indirect injuries include non-pulmonary sepsis, multiple trauma, massive transfusion, pancreatitis and cardiopulmonary bypass (Berten Soni 2009). This insult to the respiratory system is reflected in a variety of pathophysiological presentations leading to the patients presenting signs and symptoms. There are 3 identified stages of ARDS. The acute or exudative phase is seen in days 1-7. The sub-acute or proliferative stage is seen from around day 7, and the chronic or fibrotic phase is generally seen around 2-3 weeks after the initial onset (Marshall, Bellingan, Laurent, 1998, Griffiths 2007). The exudative phase leads to the disruption of the normal alveoli-capillary barrier which therefore disrupts ventilation and oxygenation. Inflammation occurs in the lungs and the body releases cytokines and inflammatory mediators from the epithelial and endothelial cells. Other cells (neutrophils and T-lymphocytes) move into the lungs and causing alveolar damage. The inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction, and increases the permeability of this barrier which allows fluid to escape from the capillaries and limits the draining of fluid out from the lungs. Small vessel thrombosis occurs as a result of pulmonary capillary and endothelial swelling Cell debris plugs the alveolus lumen leading to pulmonary oedema increasing the thickness in the alveolar-capillary space. Surfactant supply depletes and production becomes inactivated. The exudative phase is seen in the ICU patient as increased shortness of breath, higher respiratory rate, productive cough, wet sounding chest, decreased oxygenation. These symptoms were all seen with the patient in Appendix A. The Proliferative Phase is and involves the initial stimulus causing the stimulation of the cascade effect. All ARDS patients will experience this stage. It leads to an increase in the permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier leads to a rush of fluid into the alveoli. This injury allows pulmonary oedema to occur in patients with no known cardiogenic failure. This protein rich fluid engulfs the alveoli drawing in activated neutrophils and macrophages. This initiates the inflammatory cascade which releases interleukins, tumour necrosis factor and inflammatory mediators. Neutrophils release oxidants, leukotrienes and various proteases. The effect of this process is cell damage, with cell debris blocking alveolus lumen and the inactivation of surfactant. As a result platelets combine, a procoagulant cascade may arise. Surfactant inactivation, alveolar filling, cellular debris all lead to an increase in respiration rate. Surfactant loss causes alveolar collapse due to increased surface tension and causes a decreased closing lung volume. This leads to less than normal functional residual capacity causing increased respiratory rate and reduced lung compliance. The alteration in the harmony between alveoli and vascular ************************************************** The proliferative stage is generally seen after day 7. It involves the proliferation of fibroblasts, hyperplasia of pneumocytes and ongoing inflammation. The Fibrotic phase is seen 3 weeks after presentation and the patient is seen to have lung fibrosis, honeycombing and bronchiectesis. This leads to long-term chronic lung conditions. Clinical management of ARDS is focused on promptly and appropriately treating the underlying cause, supporting lung function and preventing complications related to the medical treatment and the disease process. No treatment is definitive, but early anticipation of complications can reduce the length of stay. Treatment is supportive As previously noted mortality rates have barely reduced over the years. There has been much research into new ventilation strategies along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. So far few have improved survival. The most important and practice changing study was in 2000 when The Acute Respiratory Syndrome Network did a large (861 patients) multi-centred randomised trial comparing traditional tidal volumes with lower tidal volumes. At the time patients were being ventilated with tidal volumes (VT) of 10-15ml per kilogram of body weight with plateau pressures of 50, to achieve normocarbia and pH. The study was abandoned early as there was seen to be a 22% decrease in mortality of those patients with the lower range of TV. The high peak pressure and the high tidal volumes were found to be causing shearing injuries to the lungs and also causing a higher mortality. This study revolutionalised ventilation strategies of ARDS patients and demonstrated that lung protection techniques could improve survival (Levy, 2004). It is now common practice worldwide to ventilate patients on tidal volumes of around 6ml/kg and as low as 4ml/kg and to allow permissive hypercarbia. I There continues to be research in to the benefit of PEEP in ARDS. There have been several studies conducted looking at the benefits but few have had conclusive results. Ashbaugh et al. (1967) identified patients that were mechanically ventilated with ARDS and had no PEEP became immediately severely hypoxaemic. Research has continued since then as to identify the optimal amount of PEEP. PEEP is important as it assists the severe ARDS patient by minimising alveolar collapse and improving gas exchange and lung compliance. Traditionally PEEP is set at 5-12cmH2O (Briel et al., 2010) but it is yet to be established what is the optimal level of PEEP ( Gattiononi, Caironi, 2008, Dellinger, Levy, Carlet et al, 2008). recent studies have been trying to identify if higher PEEP is better than lower, or traditional PEEPS. The problem has been what is low and what is high PEEP? A recent analysis by Briel et al. (2010) and supporting commentary by Rubenfeld (2010) has identified that the it has also been found that PEEP can be dangerous in but it is not established how much is enough PEEP. The author has identified medical and treatment seen within their place of work and will discuss this further. Oxygenation is optimised as seen in appendix A by Treatment includes optimising gas exchange by maintaining oxygenation, adequate tissue perfusion. Strict fluid balance. Ensuring nutritional requirements are met Before 1990 ARDS was reported to have a mortality rate of 40-70% in the US (there were few studies outside the USA initially) (Harman, 2009). Since then several studies have been done around the world. New research has found the rate of mortality has deceased marginally in some studies, but still not significantly. A couple of studies in the US and the UK in the 1990s have found mortality rates much lower in the 30-40% range (Davidson, Caldwell Curtis, 1999, Davey-Quinn, Gedney Whitely 1999). A 2002 Australian study identified mortality at 34% (Bersten, Edibam, Hunt, Moran, and the ANNZCCSCTG). A 2008 systematic analysis of ARDS statistics identified mortality still in the range of 15-61% in studies published after 2000 (Zambon Vincent, 2008). It must be acknowledged that some of this data was from studies with very small groups of patients in the trials. Despite this it still identifies a high rate of mortality and very little improvement in survival over the years. Improvements have been developed in the care due to ventilation strategies, improved intensive care better understanding and treatment of sepsis, recent changes in the application mechanical ventilation, better overall supportive care of critically ill patients Medical and nursing management within the authors One of the biggest developments in the treatment of ARDS was a study done in 2000 which challenged the traditional ventilation of high Treatment is supportive with the aim of maintaining adequate oxygenation to the tissues via APPENDIX 1 Mrs X is a 51 year old female who is normally fit and well. She has no past medical history. She does not take any regular medicines. She has no known allergies. She lives with her husband and 3 adult children and works full time. She returned from Melbourne 10 days prior to her presenting symptoms appearing. Mrs X has been unwell for 7 days with lethargy, myalgia, and a slight cough. She presents to her GP with a 72 hour of worsening headache, myalgia, and now a productive cough. Her GP prescribes antibiotics (Amoxycillin) and advises her to commence them the following day. The following day Mrs X is taken to the local tertiary hospital (A) by her husband with further worsening symptoms and now respiratory distress. Her respiratory rate is 30; her SpO2 is 93% on room air. She is tachycardic (110), afebrile, normotensive and her chest x-ray shows right middle and right lower lobe pneumonia, early basal consolidation, and a small left pleural effusion. Mrs X is admitted to the medical ward on CPAP Presents at tertiary hospital (A) with worsening symptoms. Respiratory Rate 30. CXR shows RML + RLL pneumonia, early basal consolidation, and small L) pleural effusion. Admitted to medical ward with CPAP, tiring over the evening with increasing PEEP and FiO2 requirements. Transferred to ICU on CPAP. Intubated at 2130hrs due to worsening condition and tiring. Continues to deteriorate over the next 12 hours, now with a vasopressor requirement. Referred to tertiary hospital (B) for transfer. Swabs and cultures taken for multiple bacteria and to identify the source of pneumonia. Broad spectrum antibiotic cover commenced. (Screening included H1N1, mycoplasma serology, and urinary legonella-all eventually coming back as negative). Managed in tertiary hospital (A) overnight with high PEEP (20) and Fio2 (90%) requirements. Spo2 and PaO2 remain low (85%/55). Recruitment manoeuvres attempted by consultant and found to bed unsuccessful. Bloods show early coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia. Worsening CXR: RUL, RML, RLL, LML, LLL consolidation. Discussion with family regarding possibility of ECMO in tertiary hospital (C) if continued deterioration. Tertiary hospital (B) arrives the following afternoon. Pt being managed prone. Unproned and transferred to Tertiary Hospital (B). Arterial blood gas on arrival= Managed in hospital (B) with high respiratory support. Peaking with Fio2 1.0 PEEP of 24. Aiming for Pao2 >60, SpO2 >88%. Condition further deteriorates on day 3 in hospital (B). Ventilation and oxygenation proving difficult. Any movement causing severe desaturation. Increasing PEEP (18) and decreasing FiO2 (0.6-0.7) found to be beneficial in this patient. ABG over the day Time FiO2 pH pCO2 pO2 0908 0.6 7.35 53.5 59.7 1452 0.7 7.36 52.4 60.5 2001 0.6 7.35 53.6 62.6 2300 0.7 7.38 49.7 55.0 Initial arterial blood gas shows Sedated on morphine and midazolam and propofol. Strict fluid balance. Commenced on regular IV steroids. IV frusemide. IV erythromycin and imipenem. FASTHUG principle applied. Enteral feeding recommenced Remained febrile despite antibiotic and line changes. Chest drain insertion on day 3 in hospital (B) Tracheostomy on day 9 as not respiratory or cardiovascularly stable enough earlier. Remained on a FiO2 of an average of 0.60 and PEEP of 16-20 for the first 12 days. De-sedated and a slow respiratory wean commenced on day 10. Patient continues to be critically ill and have slow respiratory wean on day 18 when she is transferred back to her domicile hospital (Hospital A) to continue recovery and weaning

Responsibility of the Creator Essay

Responsibility of the Creator Elizabeth Shute May 11, 2011 Literature Mrs. O’Kelly I believe Victor Frankenstein was responsible for his creature’s actions. He had many chances to help but he was a too much of a coward. For example, Frankenstein could have helped Justine but he was too scared to speak up. It was his fault she was in jail and it was his fault she died. She was accused of killing William because Victor’s Monster put the necklace in her pocket. Frankenstein felt responsible for his younger brother’s death when he realized that the monster he created murdered William. Frankenstein started to feel as if he himself had committed the murder because of his role in the monster’s existence. Everything the monster did was Frankenstein‘s fault because he was the creator. Rather then he blaming the monster for his downfall, Frankenstein blamed himself because he created the monster’s life. Victor also felt as if he, himself, murdered Justine because she was executed for a crime the monster committed. Elizabeth was altered by the injustice of Justine’s death, and Frankenstein felt responsible for that alteration as well. The chain of events that the monster set off with William’s murder began not with the monster, but with Frankenstein’s desire to create life. He shows his obsession with creating life when he says, â€Å"†¦I paid no visit to Geneva, but was engaged, heart and soul, in the pursuit of some discoveries which I hoped to make. †1 When the creature was complete he rejected it. He could barely look at the disgusting face which he had brought to life. He even says, â€Å"†¦Breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. †2 The  weight  of remorse about his role in the deaths of William and Justine adversely affected Frankenstein’s mental and physical health. His responsibility for their deaths and whatever other destruction the monster may have wreaked on humanity overwhelmed him. When the monster came to Frankenstein to plead his case and tell his story, Frankenstein realized that he had some obligation to the monster because he created it, in the same way that he bore responsibility for the monster’s actions. Frankenstein was no  longer  simply responsible to humanity for the monster’s actions, but he was also responsible to the monster for his happiness. Being the creator of a life was more responsibility than Frankenstein planned for. The monster called upon Frankenstein to fulfill his obligation of providing for his happiness by creating a  female companion  to keep him company. Out of his  sense of  obligation to his creation and out of fear for his family, Frankenstein agreed to make the female monster. His responsibility to humanity carried greater  weight  than the idea of his responsibility to his creature for the actions of the original monster and the new one he agreed to create. He hadn’t yet realized the full  weight  of responsibility he would bear for the actions of both monsters. Before Frankenstein could marry  Elizabeth, he had to complete his obligation to the monster so that he could be completely rid of him and the responsibility for his actions. As a result, Frankenstein postponed the wedding and took a  trip to England to work without the danger of being discovered by his family. His obligation to the monster was not only to ensure the monster’s happiness, which Frankenstein felt obliged to do as the monster’s creator, but also as a way to protect his family from the monster’s vengeance. Before he completed the female monster, Frankenstein realized the  weight  of responsibility he would bear if together the two monsters destroyed any other  human life  or reproduced, and the thought was just too much to bear. Rather than  deal  with the responsibility for two hideous, superhuman creatures, Frankenstein would rather  deal  with the wrath of one, so he destroyed his work on the female monster. So began the battle between Frankenstein and the monster. Frankenstein was responsible for Henry’s death at the hands of the monster, and this grief rendered him ill for a long time. Frankenstein is once again in the position he found himself with William and Justine’s deaths. He didn’t murder Henry, but his friendship with Frankenstein made Henry susceptible to the monster’s wrath because he used Henry to get back at Frankenstein. Although the Irish magistrate acquitted him, Frankenstein knew that he was responsible for Henry’s death because he had defied the monster’s wishes and the monster repaid him by killing his friend. Frankenstein, feeling responsible for  Elizabeth’s death as well as his father’s, vowed vengeance. The only way to absolve his responsibility for the monster’s actions was to kill him, so that’s what Frankenstein set out to do. He was responsible for the monster’s creation and its actions, and he planned to be responsible for the monster’s destruction as well. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted or took responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Henry with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. The circumstances forced him to commit murder. Frankenstein was the instigator of those circumstances. Victor certainly created something that caused destruction, not only in his own life but in others lives as well. Justine took the fall for Victor, dying for his secret. Elizabeth died because Victor chooses not to create another monster. The monster did not necessarily want another monster-like companion, he just wanted acceptance. Victor brought about his own destruction. Victor’s ability to deal with the real world was almost nonexistent. He had only one friend, Clerval. His choice for a wife was a person he called â€Å"cousin†, but in fact was his adopted sister. Did Victor create this so-called â€Å"monster† to have a friend, the one thing the monster wished for? Victor denied his friendship to the monster, but why? The joy of creating life, the monster, overruled his judgment. He was denying the fact he had committed such a vile act upon humanity. He even says, â€Å"A being whom myself had formed, and eluded with life, had met me at midnight among the precipices of an inaccessible mountain. †3 Victor may have admitted to creating the monster, but he denied that he had driven the monster to commit murder. He needed to admit, not only to himself, but to his family that he was the one responsible for William’s murder. By not admitting this, he allowed his friend Clerval and his wife Elizabeth to be murdered as well. His determination that his secret not be discovered became his downfall. Victor was responsible for every action of his own and for the actions of the monster. Frankenstein’s monster only wanted to be accepted for what he was. The monster needed a friend. Someone he could talk to, someone to love him, and someone to love back. Friendship was not possible. Unfortunately, the human race is very shallow. In the monster’s own words he says, â€Å"†¦they spurn and hate me. †4 We tend to judge the appearances of others, rather than getting to know the person inside. A person’s appearance is only the shell in which they live, it never reflects the person they are. Frankenstein’s monster wanted a friend, not judgment; but even his creator rejected him, not once but multiple times. The second time Victor rejected him he says, â€Å"Devil’, I exclaimed, ‘do you dare approach me? And do not you fear the fierce vengeance of my arm wreaked on your miserable head? Be gone, vile insect†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 5 In the end, Frankenstein didn’t care whether he lived or died. Victor wants the war to end. He has lost every battle he and the monster have fought. I only think that He wished death upon the monster so that the murders will stop. Even in the end Frankenstein was selfish. He did not want anything to stand in the way of science. Had he learned nothing? At least Walton had learned that maybe people should take responsibility for their actions. Walton did let the crew turn the boat around and not face the inevitable, death. Frankenstein made his bed, and now he’s lying in it. In the end, Frankenstein died while the monster survived. So in the end, Frankenstein lost everything. Frankenstein led himself down the path of destruction. He lost his friend, wife, and brother. He was loved by no one. All those whom he had cared about were dead. His experiment had turned him into a shell of hatred and despair. His focus on his creation, led him to a black hole, from which there was no escape. Frankenstein’s ambition did lead to disaster, but he was also the monster with no regard for human life. Now that Frankenstein was in the afterlife, the monster could now end his own life. His quest was over.

Ethics and Values and 2g Scam

Ethics and Value Management Project Report Table of Content 1. Abstract 1. 1 Introduction 2. Ethical Issues 3. Ethical Dilemma’s 3. 1. Dilemma faced by A. Raja 3. 1. 1. Role of A. Raja 3. 1. 2. Ethical Theories 3. 1. 3. Cost and Benefit analysis 3. 1. 4. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma 3. 2. Dilemma faced by Corporates 3. 2. 1. Role of Corporates 3. 2. 2 Ethical Theories 3. 2. 3. Cost and Benefit analysis 3. 2. 4. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma 3. 3. Dilemma faced by Government 3. 3. 1. Role of Government 3. 3. 2. Ethical Theories 3. 3. 3. Cost and Benefit analysis . 3. 4. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma 3. 4 Dilemma faced by Media 3. 4. 1. Role of Media 3. 4. 2. Ethical Theories 3. 4. 3. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma 4. Recommendations for avoiding recurrence of the issue 4. 1 Plan to avoid recurrence of such a scam 5. References 5. 1. Websites 5. 2. Books 1. Abstract 1. 1. Introduction: The  2G  spectrum  scam  involved politici ans and government officials in India illegally undercharging  mobile telephony  companies for  frequency allocation  licenses, which they would then use to create  2G  subscriptions for  cell phones.The shortfall between the money collected and the money that the law mandated to be collected is estimated to be  176,645  Crore  (US$32. 15 billion), as valued by the  Comptroller and Auditor General of India  based on  3G and BWA spectrum auction  prices in 2010. However, the exact loss is disputed. The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as â€Å"unconstitutional and arbitrary† and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of  A. Raja(then  minister for communications & IT) the main official accused in the 2G scam case.In 2011,  Time  magazine listed the scam at number two on their â€Å"Top 10 Abuses of Power† list. 2. Ethical Issues With the outbreak of the 2G spectrum scam, the following ethical issues on t he part of the Government, Regulatory bodies, media and industry came into the forefront. * Spirit of collective responsibility not conserved: An ethics of co-responsibility is required and can only be implemented through mechanisms well beyond the legal system. In the 2G scam, almost all of the entire media and nation has put the name of Mr A.Raja as the responsible person for the corruption but the actual decision of telecom policy was passed through the cabinet. * Too much power in hands of very few: This is what actually happened in case of 2G scam. The entire decision making power rested in the hands of selected bureaucrats. * Middle men used for access to those in power: Middlemen were used to by company officials and other illicit channels to reach the ministers. People in power were lured by money. Those who did not bend to the power of money were either transferred or were threatened. Neutrality of media questionable: In the  2G Spectrum Scam  Case, instead of providing valuable insights, the media is trying to become the judiciary. The media has targeted easy scapegoats, revolving their stories around a selected few because even they know that it is difficult for them to target certain big names like the Tatas, Ambanis and Ruias. * Personal greed puts business ethics at stake:  Raja was the mastermind of this whole scam and his personal greed made him do all the corrupt things. The 2 fundamentals of business i. e. air dealing and transparency was completely kept aside to enjoy the false fruits. * Wrong use of power leads to a great turmoil:  Raja being the Telecom minister, tried to influence the senior officials of DOT by all means. Those who didn’t get influenced were either transferred or removed from their posts. 3. Ethical Dilemma’s 3. 1. Dilemma Faced By A. Raja: Mr A. Raja was in a dilemma whether he should disclose the name of every main conspirator of the plot, or should he wait for his fellow mates having a reputed pos ition in the government and corporate world to help him get out . 1. 1. Role of A. Raja A Raja has received  3,000  crore  (US$546 million)  as bribe for bringing forward the cut-off date for applications for spectrum from the initial 1 October 2007 to 25 September 2007. At the time of taking decision he might have got influenced of the dilemma related to it but money made him blind and despite of knowing the risk associated and at the stake of his personal values, he took the decision of performing the 2G Scam. There was also a clear conflict of interest among promoters, shareholders and other stakeholders of company.The conflict of public shareholders and stakeholders put them in very interesting position. There was also a dilemma when the case uncovered which was more or less can be termed as the prisoners dilemma as should he tell the names of all the person associated or only few because it was a very high end case consisting of many renowned politicians and bureaucrats 3. 1. 2. Ethical Theories: Depending on the dilemma faced by different people in this case there are different ethical theories that can be applied.Mainly we can apply 2 theories: * Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering. In this theory person compares the benefits with its cost and take decision accordingly. * Hedonism: It is a school of thought that argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure (pleasure minus pain).Ethical hedonism is the idea that all people have the right to do everything in their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure possible to them. It is also the idea that every person's pleasure should far surpass their amount of pain. 3. 1. 3. Cost ; Benefit Analysis: Going by the theory of utility, A. Raja might have done the benefit cost analysis as follows: Benefits Loss | | A. Raja will be getting lots of money | A. Raja can be caught, but the chances are very less because in India politicians are never caught | With money there will be power.Moreover he will be a friend of big corporate personalities. | Shareholders will get affected with this decision| The huge benefit of under-pricing or unfair subsidiary was given to the mobile telephone services| The person who is not a shareholder or customer of any mobile telephony company has sold his share in spectrum on cheap prices and lost his money which would have been spent for the development of his nation| The subsidy was given to all industry majors, who regularly lobby against the subsidy to basic human need like food, water, education and shelter. When call rates were high, there would be an exclusion of masses from this information revolution. This is a simple math not a magic formula to fool all stakeholders| The huge benefit of under-pricing or unfair subsidiary was given to the mobile telephone services| | So, he might have found that he can easily escape by doing this scam and chosen to give away the licence at cheaper rate. Going by the Hedonism theory the pleasure that power and money will bring to him will be much more than that of pain so he thought of choosing the wrong path of earning money. . 1. 4. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma: The 2G Spectrum scam is at the final stage. Now as all the politicians, Bureaucrats, Major Telecom company officials have been exposed. But if would have followed the following simple tests or models they would have definitely selected the ethically right path and avoided the consequences that followed. * Peter Drucker’s Model: â€Å"Above all, do no harm†. Peter Drucker wanted to convey to any individual that if any of his/her decisions harms any other person then that decision is unethical. Raja had thought of this philosophy then he would have avoided his action s and maintained transparency in allocating 2G spectrum. * The government officials would have brought the issue in front of the judicial system if they followed this simple principle. Corporate executives would have refused help from A. Raja as profit making is ethical but profiteering is not * Warren Buffet’s first page of the4 Newspaper’s Test: If all the people imagined the newspaper headlines that were published all throughout 2010, 2011 and 2012, they probably would have not done what they did.Some examples are included below: 1. Court issues notice to CBI on A. Raja's 2G spectrum scam plea 2. Why did not PM act on A. Raja: SC 3. A. Raja informed Manmohan Singh about change in policy: Siddharth Behura 3. 2. Dilemma Faced By Corporates: The basic dilemma faced by the Corporates was whether to abide by the law of the country and obtain the licenses they were capable of obtaining in an ethical manner or whether to unethically obtain licenses in order to increase cus tomer base and earn instant profits.On account of Utilarianism, benefits they achieved were that they were able to attain the shares at much lower cost and thereby incurring huge profits and it also thus provided them with an competitive edge over their competitors as they were able to outrun them that too in such short duration. Also if they did not buy these licences some other companies will buy and attain profits so without considering the harmful repercussions they went on with buying with the licences. 3. 2. 1. Role of Corporates: India found itself in the centre of such protests in 2010-2011 over the scam in 2G spectrum allocation to telecom companies.The 2G scam went a long way to show how the Indian economy, one of the fastest growing in the world, is dominated by a small set of tightly connected power players. Industry observers felt that if not checked soon, the deep-rooted problem of crony capitalism in the country could adversely affect India’s growth and develop ment. They wondered how the accountability could be fixed and the unholy nexus broken. The distributive justice states that equal people should be treated equally. There is nothing wrong in, corporate making profits but it should not be at the cost of other people.When the corporates involve in a scam like this, the tax payers are burdened which is not fair. Ultimately it is the tax payer, who pays for each Scam. Corporate as a part, of the society has got some social responsibility which means, they have every right for making profit but not profiteering by harming the society. Their rights should not harm the interest of the common man. The corporates by involving in the scam are not only cheating the common man but its own people like its shareholders. Transparency in the long run pays of great results.Here being ethical should not only an instrumental value to the corporates, but should be an intrinsic value. Business ethics plays a very important role. th legal frame work may n ot be always be ethical but here observing the legal standards provides an important ethical dimension. The business values like transparency, fairness and justice are universal. Observing these values as an intrinsic value would benefit the business in the long run. When business is ethically strong, it will have the same impact on its employees. When employees are ethically strong, consumer satisfaction will be high and so the business has to sustain. Corporations involved were: Allianz Infra, Aircel, Dishnet wireless, loop mobile, Reliance communications, S Tel, Swan telecom, Tata Tele Services, Unitech Group, Videocon Telecommunications Limited, Vodafone Essar, Virgin Mobile India. * Corporate Personalities involved were: Anil Ambani (Reliance Group-ADAG), Ratan Tata, Shahid Balwa (DB Reality and Etisalat DB Telecom), Vinod Goenka (Dinamix Group), Venugopal Dhoot (Videocon Group), and Prashant Ruia (Essar Group). 3. 2. 2. Ethical Theories: * Utilitarianism: Going by this theory, the corporates involved Utilitarianism i. e. aximising their profits, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering. For them what is good is that which produces pleasure, happiness, contentment or welfare and what is right is that which maximizes one or more of these things. Utilitarian’s call the method for maximizing good the principle of utility and they use the term optimific to describe the achievement of this maximization. The Corporates on their part in order to maximise their profits instantly and in an easy manner went on 2G scandal, without considering the ramifications. 3. 2. 3. Cost and Benefit Analysis: Swan Telecom paid Rs. , 537 crore for 2G licences in 13 circles, they soon sold 45 per cent equity in this company to Etisalat for Rs. 4,200 crore. Unitech obtained licences in 22 circles for Rs. 1,658 crore and then sold 60 per cent equity in the company to Telenor for Rs. 6,100 crore. Thereby, providing them with instant benefits. 3. 2. 4 . Recommendation for Resolving the Dilemma: * Peter Drucker’s model: â€Å"Thou shalt not steal† and â€Å"Primum Non Nocere. † Which in English means, above all (or first) do no harm. According to Peter Drucker wanted to convey that an individual’s decision is unethical if it harms any other person’s.Thus, abiding by the Peter Drucker model to resolve this ethical dilemma involved the corporate personalities involved should have rejected the proposal offered by A. Raja as achieving profit is fairly ethical but what turned out in this case was ‘profiteering’ which is unethical. 3. 3 Dilemma faced by the Government: In this context ethical dilemma was on the part of the government after the case got uncovered as it involved many politicians, bureaucrats, & ministers so either to put charge on all of them showing the vulnerable state of the nation or to allege a single minister for the same. 3. 3. 1. Role of Government:The list had many well known ministers like Dayanidhi Maran(Union cabinet minister for textiles), P. Chidambaram(Union cabinet ministers for home affairs), Andimuthu Raja (Union cabinet minister for communication & information technology), Kanimozhi Aravindhan (Member of Rajya Sabha) and also many renowned bureaucrats like Siddharhta Behura, Pradip Baijal, R K Chandolia. 3. 3. 2. Ethical Theories: * Utilitarianism: Going by the this theory, it states that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they produce for everyone in society and also referred to as consequentialism.It holds that morally right course of action in any situation is the one that, when compared to all other possible actions will produce the greatest balance of benefits over costs for everyone affected. * Hedonism: A school of thought that argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure (pleasure minus pain). In this context goi ng by the above mentioned theory in order to maximize the net profits its better on the part of government not to disclose anything and spare from the pain that can incur f they do so. 3. 3. 3. Cost and Benefit Analysis: In the context of 2G scam the cost and benefit analysis can be done as follows: * Cost: The major threat was the impact on stock market and investment in India. The mobile phone market is the world’s fastest growing making it a must-invest market for any major global operator but after looking at the corruption level and the people involved they might not willing to come over and invest. Moreover it will also shatter the trust factor of the citizens and they will not have any faith in the government. Benefit: Disclosure of all the names involved in the scam will lead to a situation of distrust. In a globalized world such a situation will negatively affect the Indian corporate scenario and may even jeopardize the economy as a whole. Going by the above mentione d theory it was certainly better on their part to go for benefits and not to disclose any names. 3. 3. 4. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma: To resolve the dilemma’s 3 steps can be followed, they are: * Step 1: Analyze the consequences Assuming that the resolution to the ethical dilemma is to be found within the confines of law.Ethical dilemma that arise should be resolved at least within the bare minimum of law and legal framework as otherwise it will lead to a sort of mafia business. One has to look at the consequences that would follow one’s proposed actions. And when one has several options to choose from, there will be an array of consequences connected with each of such options, both positive and negative. Before one acts, answers to the following questions will help find the type of action that can be contemplated; 1. Who are the beneficiaries of your action? . Who are likely to be harmed by your action? 3. What is the nature of the ‘benefitsâ€℠¢ and ‘harms’? (the answer to this question is important because some benefits may be more valuable than others. Letting one enjoy good health is better than letting one enjoy something which gives trivial pleasure. Likewise, some ‘harms’ are less harmful than others. ) 4. How long or how fleetingly are these benefits and harms likely to exist? * Step 2: Analyze the actions Once option is identified, concentration should be on the actions.Find out how the proposed actions measure against moral principles such as ‘honesty, fairness, equality, respect for the dignity and rights of others, and recognition of the vulnerability of people who are weak, etc. ’ Then there are questions of basic decency and general ethical principles and conflicts between principles and the rights of different people involved in the process of choice of the options that have to be considered and answered in one’s mind. After considering all these possible factors in the various options, it is sensible to choose the one which is the least problematic.Step 3: Make a decision After considering all factors that lead to various options, choose an option and analyze it carefully and then take a rational decision. 3. 4. Dilemma faced by Media: It is media’s duty to show the truth to the public, moreover it also considered as a trustworthy source which helps in creating awareness regarding the actual happenings in the world. The Media persons accused faced the ethical dilemma of whether to diligently follow the duties of a journalist and uncover the real truth or be loyal to their friends. 3. 4. 1. Role of mediaThe 2G spectrum scam, which has snowballed into a major controversy involving Indian politicians and businessmen, became hotter for journalists to handle when it allegedly involved two of their senior members. Media sources such as OPEN and Outlook reported that two senior journalists Barkha Dutt (group editor of NDTV) and Vir Sanghvi (editorial director of Hindustan Times) knew that corporate lobbyist Nira Radia was influencing the decisions of appointment of telecom minister. Radia wanted A Raja to be made telecom minister. The two magazines made public the telephone conversations between Nira Radia, Barkha Dutt & Vir Sanghvi.Radia's phones were being tapped by the Income Tax Department. Critics allege that Barkha Dutt and Vir Sanghvi knew about nexus between government and the media industry but still they supported this corrupt activity and suppressed news reporting the discovery of the corrupt practice. In November 2010, OPEN magazine carried a story which reported transcripts of some of the telephone conversations of Nira Radia (a political lobbyist) with senior journalists, politicians, and corporate houses, many of whom have denied the allegations.The Central Bureau of Investigation has announced that they have 5,851 recordings of phone conversations by Radia, some of which outline Radia's attempts to br oker deals in relation to the 2G spectrum sale. The tapes appear to demonstrate how Radia attempted to use some media persons to influence the decision to appoint A. Raja as telecom minister. Vir Sanghvi, editorial director of Indian national daily Hindustan Times and India’s television news channel NDTV’s group editor Barkha Dutt are apparently featured in the transcripts.They are heard promising to fix things for Radia, who is known to be close to the sacked minister A Raja, and her clients besides her political cronies. While Sanghvi allegedly took notes from Radia on what he could point out in his weekly Sunday column of Hindustan Times even as Radia asked him to write against Reliance Group's Anil Ambani and the high court decision on the gas pricing issue. Barkha Dutt had allegedly assured Radia of getting ruling Congress party’s general secretary Ghulam Nabi Azad to talk to the supremo of his party’s chief ally in the government M.Karunanidhi to fi x portfolios for the ally according to wishes of Karunanidhi’s daughter Kanimozhi. One thing to be noticed in this case was, initially the news gained prominence following sustained pressure on social networking sites Twitter and Facebook against an attempted blackout orchestrated by many prominent Indian TV channels and newspaper. Initially, only handful of newspaper like Deccan Herald and The Indian Express wrote about the tapes. Some newspaper like HT Media, mint and NDTV told that the authenticity of these transcripts cannot be ascertained.Not Touching Corporate Biggies: Now media is deliberately trying to highlight a few names like those of Shahid Balwa, A Raja, Kanimozhi, Sanjay Chandra, Karim Morani, and Vinod Goenka while not touching corporate biggies such as Tatas and Ambanis. It is quite clear that in this 2G spectrum case, only a few are conspired to be indicted in the case while others are clearly kept out. Instead of providing valuable insights, the media is try ing to become the judiciary.The media has targetted easy scapegoats, revolving their stories around a selected few because even they know that it is difficult for them to target certain big names like the Tatas, Ambanis and Ruias. It is a well-known fact that the trial for 2G Spectrum case is going on, and nobody can be proved guilty unless and until it is proved in court, but, without taking it into account, our media has started blaming people and highlighting a only few names without mentioning the rest of the suspects. 3. 4. 2. Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism: If we apply utility theory on media then cost in hiding the facts was that people will not trust the media if they come to know that facts were hidden from them but the benefits were that they will not spoil their relations with big politicians and corporate biggies. So benefits were more than the cost, as it is said that common man has very short memory and you can cheat them. But as pressure started building from opposi te party and moreover opposite party had their friends in the media, the names of big politicians came into picture.But then also media maintain its silence on corporate biggies. 3. 4. 3. Recommendation for resolving the Dilemma: Laura Nash’s model: Following the 12 questions that Laura Nash has raised in her model would have stopped media from taking the first step. Some of the 12 questions that would have helped the accused persons to clear their thought processes are: * How would you define the problem, if you stood on the other side of the fence? * To whom and with what are your loyalties? What are your intensions in making this decision? * How does these intentions compare with the likely results? * Whom could your actions injure? 4. Recommendations for avoiding Recurrence of the Issue Modern scams are victimless in that the victims are not obvious. The victims of these crimes are the taxpayers and citizens of the country to whom this money and assets belong. The only pe rmanent way for us to stop scams is to work on both prevention and deterrence. 4. 1. Plan to avoid recurrence of such a scam 1.Increase disclosure requirements by the government on all contracts and concessions involving public money or assets. 2. Improve the effectiveness of parliamentary oversight on government and executive by making parliamentary committees stronger as well as more transparent to the public. 3. It should be ensured that the Criminal Penal code has amendments to deal with and enable rapid prosecution of white collar crimes and scams. Judiciary should be independent and free of any external influence. It should be capable of taking strong action against the corrupt politicians.While severe punishment is given to a poor village officer when he takes a bribe of Rs10, politicians who cheat the public and earn crores are many a time let free by the court of law. 4. There is a requirement of complete overhaul and changes in our criminal justice system that is still des igned around petty crime and criminals. There is a need for new and stronger laws for dealing with sophisticated financial crimes of the day. One such example is removing the Section 311 that requires prior sanction from the government to prosecute its officers. 5.Media played a very important role in forming an opinion among the citizens therefore there should be effective parliamentary oversight of the government and such oversights be transparent and available to media and citizens. 6. The government must have outside legal and advisory help while negotiating contracts and not rely only on bureaucrats. There should be a creation of a new cadre of independent regulators, backed by parliamentary statutes that oversee most of these sectors. 7. For example, bureaucrats must be chosen as regulators only in exceptional cases of high integrity and capability.Such Independent Regulators must also have oversight on them to ensure that there is no regulatory capture. 8. Ensure that governm ent policy is always about the public and not about private and personal interests. 9. Legislation must be initiated to regulate lobbyists and business chambers, to prevent advocacy changing to corruption and to protect against policy capture instead of policy advocacy. 10. Ensure government policies are not always bombastic rhetoric and full of loopholes for exploitation. This will minimize administrative/political discretion. 1. Another way to stop corruption is to avoid the coalition form of governance. A single party must be allowed to rule the country independently without seeking the support of innumerous minor parties. In the 2G spectrum case, the accused, A. Raja is a representative of DMK which is supporting the congress. In such a situation, an able and efficient prime minister like Manmohan Singh could not take action but had to inadvertently support him as otherwise DMK would have withdrawn their support and thus follows an utter rout for the congress.Lastly and most imp ortantly both media and the general public must create awareness that the government is a trustee of public money and assets and the people are the real owners. If trustees violate the trust, people should not sleep, but must react. A permanent solution, thus, to such scams and corruption is alert citizen and conscientious media. 5. References 5. 1. WEBSITES * http://aishmghrana. wordpress. com/2012/09/01/conflict-of-interests-among-stakeholders-in-2g-allocations/ * http://www. icmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Ethics/Indian%202G%20Spectrum%20ScamExce2. tm#Can%20Accountability * http://www. isidelhi. org. in/hrnews/HR_THEMATIC_ISSUES/Corruption/Corruption-2011. pdf * http://www. scribd. com/doc/71816181/2g-scam-project * http://www. processexcellencenetwork. com/process-improvement-case-studies/columns/drucker-on-business-ethics/ * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Radia_tapes_controversy * http://www. slideshare. net/amyberi/2g-spectrum-scam-casestudy * http://realityche ck. wordpress. com/2010/12/03/wheres-our-story-media-on-2g-spectrum-scam-shyness-or-something-more/ 5. 2. BOOKS * Business Ethics: An Indian Perspective by A. C. Fernando